Compared with traditional surgery, minimally invasive surgery has the advantages of small trauma, fast recovery, and reduced patient pain. The endoscopic and minimally invasive medical device, as the doctor’s ”eye“, can effectively help the doctor “see” the lesion clearly. With the popularization of minimally invasive surgical technology on a global scale,...

Endoscopes originated 100 years ago and have undergone four main stages of development, each of which is marked by the main characteristics of the instruments used at that time. Hard endoscopy stage (1806-1932): Hard endoscopy was first developed by German Philipp Bozzini. It consists of a vase-shaped light source, candles and a series of lenses. It is mainly used for bladder and urethral...